Use of cationic layered materials, compositions, comprising these materials, and the preparation of cationic layered materials

ABSTRACT

Cationic layered materials, a process for their preparation and their use in hydrocarbon conversion, purification, and synthesis processes, such as fluid catalytic cracking. Cationic layered materials are especially suitable for the reduction of SOx and NOx emissions and the reduction of the sulfur and nitrogen content in fuels like gasoline and diesel. The new preparation process avoids the use of metal salts and does not require the formation of anionic clay as an intermediate.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/391,045, filed Jun. 25, 2002 and EP Patent Application No. 02078429.4, filed Aug. 20, 2002.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] This invention relates to a new use of cationic layered materials, compositions comprising these materials, and a process for the preparation of cationic layered materials.

[0004] 2. Prior Art

[0005] A Cationic Layered Material (CLM) is a crystalline NH₄-Me(II)-TM-O phase with a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern. In this structure, Me(II) represents a divalent metal and TM stands for a transition metal. The structure of a CLM consists of negatively charged layers of divalent metal octrahedra and transition metal tetrahedra with charge-compensating cations sandwiched between these layers.

[0006] The CLM structure is related to that of hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite-like materials. These materials, also referred to by the skilled person as layered double hydroxides (LDH) or anionic clays, are built up of Me(II)-Al hydroxide sheets with exchangeable anions in the interlayers. Analogous to the term “anionic clay” being a synonym for hydrotalcites and hydrotalcite-like materials, “cationic clay” can be used as a synonym for CLM.

[0007] CLMs are known from the prior art. M. P. Astier et al. (Ann. Chim. Fr. Vol. 12, 1987, pp. 337-343) prepare CLMs by first dissolving ammonium hepta molybdate and nickel nitrate in an aqueous ammonia solution and subsequently altering the pH by evaporating ammonia, resulting in precipitation. After aging, washing, and drying, pure crystalline CLMs are formed with a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern.

[0008] A similar precipitation procedure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,695 for the preparation of CLMs containing Ni, W, and Mo.

[0009] D. Levin, S. Soled, and J. Ying (Chem. Mater. Vol. 8, 1996, pp.836-843; ACS Symp. Ser. Vol. 622, 1996, pp. 237-249; Stud. Surf, Sci. Catal. Vol. 118, 1998, pp. 359-367) also disclose the preparation of CLMs. Their process involves the steps of (a) precipitating a divalent metal salt and aluminium nitrate, (b) aging the precipitate to form an anionic clay, (c) calcining the anionic clay to form a mixed oxide, and (d) contacting and reacting the mixed oxide with ammonium heptamolybdate—thereby removing aluminium ions and incorporating molybdate ions—resulting in a CLM with a trace amount, e.g. 0.63 wt %, of aluminium.

[0010] It has been found that CLMs can suitably be used in or as a catalyst or catalyst additive in a hydrocarbon conversion, purification, or synthesis process, particularly in the oil refining industry and Fischer-Tropsch processes. Examples of processes where CLMs can suitably be used are catalytic cracking, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrocracking, hydroprocessing (hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallisation), polymerisation, steam reforming, base-catalysed reactions, Fischer-Tropsch, and the reduction of SOx and NOx emissions. They are especially suitable for use in FCC processes, particularly as active material in FCC catalysts or catalyst additives for (i) the reduction of the nitrogen and/or sulfur content of fuels like gasoline and/or diesel and/or (ii) the reduction of SOx and/or NOx emissions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a composition comprising a cationic layered material and 1-50 weight percent of aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide, metal aluminate, or aluminium molybdate.

[0012] In a second embodiment the present invention comprises a composition comprising a cationic layered material and a divalent metal compound.

[0013] In a third embodiment, the present invention comprises a composition comprising a cationic layered material and a transition metal compound.

[0014] In a fourth embodiment, the present invention comprises an FCC catalyst composition comprising a cationic layered material.

[0015] In a fifth embodiment, the present invention comprises an FCC catalyst additive composition comprising a cationic layered material.

[0016] In a sixth embodiment the present invention comprises a process comprising the steps of:

[0017] a) preparing a slurry comprising a water-insoluble aluminium source and a divalent metal source,

[0018] b) drying the slurry of step a) and calcining the dried material to form a first calcined material,

[0019] c) optionally rehydrating the product of step b) to obtain an anionic clay, followed by calcining the anionic clay to form a second calcined material,

[0020] d) contacting a slurry of either the first or the second calcined material with an ammonium transition metal salt,

[0021] e) aging the resulting slurry.

[0022] In a seventh embodiment, the present invention comprises shaped bodies obtained by the above processes.

[0023] In an eighth embodiment, the present invention comprises a process for the conversion, purification, or synthesis of hydrocarbons wherein hydrocarbons are contacted with a cationic layered material at hydrocarbon conversion, purification, or synthesis conditions.

[0024] Other embodiments of the present invention comprise details relating to compositions, reaction ingredients and conditions, all of which are set forth hereinbelow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0025]FIG. 1 displays the sulfur concentration in FCC gasoline versus the hydrocarbon conversion for different cationic layered materials and two reference samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] The present invention relates to the use of a cationic layered material in a hydrocarbon conversion, purification, or synthesis process. This cationic layered material may have been prepared according to the process of the invention described herein, or according to any other process, e.g. the prior art processes mentioned above.

[0027] The prior art processes for preparing CLMs all use water-soluble divalent metal and aluminium salts as starting material, which is particularly disadvantageous. First of all, these soluble metal salts are relatively expensive. Second, they require a precipitation process, which is not very attractive to perform on an industrial scale, because it involves repeated filtering a washing steps of very fine (colloidal type) particles. This involves large scale plant equipment, very low throughput capacities, and large volumes of contaminated waste water. Third, the use of salts implies the use of anions. These anions either have to be removed by washing and filtering steps—incurring the above filtration problems with the fine-particled materials and waste water streams containing, e.g., nitrates, sulfates, halogens, etc.—or will be emitted as environmentally harmful gases like nitrogen oxides, halogens, sulfur oxides, etc. during the drying or calcination steps.

[0028] The present invention also provides a process for the production of cationic layered materials using inexpensive raw materials. In particular, the use of metal salts is avoided, resulting in a process that is particularly environmentally friendly and more suited to the environmental constraints which are increasingly imposed on commercial operations. Furthermore, this process does not involve a precipitation process. In addition, in one process embodiment there is no necessity of forming an anionic clay as intermediate, thereby simplifying the process.

[0029] This process can include additional steps, for instance an intermediate drying step, a shaping step, a milling step, an additional aging step, an additional calcination step, or washing and filtering steps. Moreover, additional compounds like acids, bases, or metal compounds can be added where appropriate.

[0030] In the above sixth embodiment, step c) may not performed, meaning that the product of step b) is contacted with the ammonium transition metal salt, i.e. step d). In this embodiment anionic clay is not formed as an intermediate, although a small amount might be formed during step a).

[0031] Step c) may be performed, whereby anionic clay is formed as intermediate product by rehydrating the material resulting from step b).

[0032] During aging step e), aluminium is removed from the intermediate material. If the material is filtered and washed after step e) and if the aging conditions are such that the removed aluminium does not become insoluble, this aluminium will not end up in the final product. However, if no washing step is applied and/or if insoluble aluminium compounds are formed during aging, aluminium will end up in the final composition as a separate aluminium-containing compound, such as an aluminium oxide or hydroxide, a metal aluminate, or aluminium molybdate. As will be explained below, the presence of this separate aluminium-containing compound may have several advantages.

[0033] The invention, therefore, also relates to compositions comprising CLM and aluminium oxide or hydroxide, metal aluminate, or aluminium molybdate as such.

[0034] Water-Insoluble Aluminium Source

[0035] The water-insoluble aluminium source that can be used in the process of the invention includes aluminium oxides and hydroxides, such as gel alumina, boehmite, pseudoboehmite (either peptised or not), aluminium trihydrates, thermally treated aluminium trihydrates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of aluminium trihydrates are crystalline aluminium trihydrate (ATH), for example gibbsites provided by Reynolds Aluminium Company RH-20® or JM Huber Micral® grades, BOC (Bauxite Ore Concentrate), bayerite, and nordstrandite. BOC is the cheapest water-insoluble aluminium source.

[0036] The water-insoluble aluminium source preferably has a small particle size, preferably below 10 microns.

[0037] Calcined aluminium trihydrate is readily obtained by thermally treating aluminium trihydrate (gibbsite) at a temperature ranging from about 100° to about 1,000° C. for about 15 minutes to about 24 hours. In any event, the calcining temperature and the time for obtaining calcined aluminium trihydrate should be sufficient to cause a measurable increase of the surface area compared to the surface area of the gibbsite as produced by the Bayer process, which is generally between about 30 and about 50 m²/g. Within the context of this invention flash calcined alumina (e.g. Alcoa CP® alumina) is also considered to be a thermally treated form of aluminium trihydrate. Flash calcined alumina is obtained by treating aluminium trihydrate at temperatures between about 8000 and about 1,000° C. for very short periods of time in special industrial equipment, as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,072 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,222,129.

[0038] The water-insoluble aluminium source may have been doped with metal compounds, for instance rare earth metals or transition metals. Examples are compounds of, for instance, Ce, La, V, Mg, Ni, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Nb, Ga, Si, P, Bi, B, Ti, Zr, Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, and combinations thereof, preferably in amounts between 1 and 40 wt %. The desired metal depends on the application of the final product. For example, for hydroprocessing applications Mo, Co, Ni, W are preferred, while for FCC applications preference is given to V, Ce, La, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cu, W, Mo. This doped water-insoluble aluminium source can be obtained by any method known in the art, for instance thermal or hydrothermal treatment of a water-insoluble aluminium source with a compound of the desired metal. Preferably oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates of these metals are used, but also nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, acetates, and oxalates can be used. When a doped water-insoluble aluminium source is used as a starting material for the preparation of compositions comprising CLM and aluminium oxide or hydroxide, doped aluminium oxide or hydroxide (in a controlled amount) will be present in the final product. This may be beneficial for several applications.

[0039] Divalent Metal Source

[0040] Suitable divalent metal sources to be used in the process of the invention are compounds containing Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, and mixtures of said compounds. Both solid divalent metal sources and soluble divalent metal sources (e.g. nitrates, chlorides, acetates, etc.) are suitable. Preferably oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, hydroxycarbonates, formates, or acetates are used. Combinations of divalent metal sources may be used as well.

[0041] The divalent metal source may have been doped with metals, such as Al, Ga, Cr, Fe, V, B, In, Nb, W, Mo, Ta, or mixtures thereof. This doped divalent metal source can be obtained by any method known in the art, for instance thermal or hydrothermal treatment of a divalent metal source with a compound of the desired metal. Preferably oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates of these metals are used, but also nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, acetates, and oxalates can be used.

[0042] Ammonium Transition Metal Salt

[0043] The ammonium transition metal salt is preferably selected from the group of ammonium heptamolybdate, ammonium tungstate, ammonium vanadate, ammonium dichromate, ammonium titanate, and ammonium zirconate. Combinations of these compounds may also be used.

[0044] Process Conditions

[0045] The process can be conducted in either batch or continuous mode, optionally in a continuous multi-step operation. The process can also be conducted partly batch-wise and partly continuously.

[0046] The water-insoluble aluminium source and the divalent metal source are added to a reactor and slurried in water. The reactor can be heated by any heating source such as a furnace, microwave, infrared sources, heating jackets (either electrical or with a heating fluid), lamps, etc. The reactor may be equipped with stirrers, baffles, etc., to ensure homogeneous mixing of the reactants.

[0047] The aqueous suspension in the reactor can be obtained by combining water, the divalent metal source, and the water-insoluble aluminium source either per se, as slurries, or combinations thereof. Additionally, in the case of a water-soluble divalent metal source, the divalent metal source can be added as a solution. Any sequence of addition can be used: the divalent metal source can be added to a slurry of the water-insoluble aluminium source, the water-insoluble aluminium source can be added to a slurry or solution of the divalent metal source, or the water-insoluble aluminium source and the divalent metal source can be added to the reactor at the same time.

[0048] Optionally, the resulting mixture and/or the separate sources are homogenised by, for instance, milling, high shear mixing or kneading. Especially when using metal sources like oxides, hydroxides or carbonates, it is usually advisable to mill the metal sources. Preferably, both the water-insoluble aluminium source and the divalent metal source—if water-insoluble—are milled. Even more preferably, a slurry comprising both the water-insoluble aluminium source and the divalent metal source is milled.

[0049] If desired, organic or inorganic acids and bases, for example for control of the pH, may be fed to the reactor or added to either the divalent metal source or the water-insoluble aluminium source before they are fed to the reactor. A preferred pH modifier is an ammonium base, because upon drying no deleterious cations remain in the product.

[0050] The use of alkali metal-containing compounds is preferably avoided, as the presence of alkali metals is undesired for several (catalytic) applications.

[0051] Optionally, the mixture may be aged after step a). This aging can be performed under, or close to, ambient conditions, or under thermal or hydrothermal conditions. Within the context of this description hydrothermal means in the presence of water (or steam) at a temperature above about 100° C. at elevated pressure, e.g autogenous pressure. The aging temperature can range from about 20′-400° C. A preferred temperature range is about 60-175° C. Suitable atmospheres comprise CO₂, N₂, and air. The preferred atmosphere is air.

[0052] With this aging step it is possible, for instance, to convert the aluminium source into another aluminium source with improved binding properties. For instance, it is possible to convert aluminium trihydrate into boehmite.

[0053] This aging preferably does not result in the formation of large amounts of anionic clay, because before step b) it is preferred that less than 50 wt % is formed of the theoretically possible maximum amount of anionic clay that could be formed from the amounts of aluminium source and divalent metal source present in the slurry. More preferably, less than about 30 wt %, more preferably less than about 20 wt %, more preferably less than about 10 wt %, and even more preferably less than about 5 wt % of this amount is formed before step b). Most preferably, no anionic clay is present in the slurry before conducting step b).

[0054] The calcination according to step b) is conducted at temperatures between about 175° and about 1,000° C., preferably between 200° and 800° C., more preferably between 4000 and 600° C., and most about 24 hours, preferably about 1-12 hours, and most preferably about 2-6 hours. The resulting material will be referred to as the first calcined material.

[0055] The first calcined material, after an optional milling step, may be rehydrated in aqueous suspension to obtain an anionic clay. This rehydration can be performed at thermal or hydrothermal conditions and in the presence of dissolved metal salts, such salts including nitrates, carbonates, sulfates, oxalates of divalent (e.g. Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) or trivalent metals (e.g. Ga, Cr, Fe, V, Mo, W).

[0056] If rehydration is performed, the obtained anionic clay is subsequently calcined to obtain a second calcined material. This second calcination is performed at temperatures between about 150° and about 1,000° C., preferably between about 200° and about 800° C., more preferably between about 200° and about 600° C., and most preferably around 450° C. This calcination is conducted for about 15 minutes to about 24 hours, preferably about 1-12 hours, and most preferably about 2-6 hours.

[0057] A slurry of either the first (cf. the first process embodiment) or the second calcined material (cf. the second process embodiment) is subsequently contacted with the ammonium transition metal salt. To this end, a slurry of the calcined material, after an optional milling step, is added to a slurry or solution of the metal salt, or vice versa. It is also possible to treat the slurry of the calcined material at elevated temperature and then add the ammonium transition metal salt per se, or as a slurry or solution. Alternatively, an ammonium transition metal salt slurry or solution can be prepared by adding another transition metal compound, e.g. an oxide or hydroxide, to aqueous ammonia. If aqueous ammonia is present in the reactor, this slurry or solution can be prepared in situ by feeding the transition metal compound—as a solid, solution, or slurry—to the reactor.

[0058] The slurry is aged at temperatures of about 20′-300° C., preferably about 60′-200° C., for about 15 minutes to about 24 hours, preferably about 1-12 hours, more preferably about 2-6 hours, with or without stirring, at ambient or elevated temperature and at atmospheric or elevated pressure. Suitable atmospheres comprise CO₂, N₂, or air. The preferred atmosphere is air.

[0059] During this aging step, aluminium is removed from the material as dissolved species. A washing and filtering step may optionally be performed in order to prevent at least a portion of the aluminium from becoming part of the resulting product. The so-formed product will comprise predominantly CLM with an X-ray diffraction pattern analogous to that of the aforementioned CLMs obtained by Astier et al. By predominantly CLM is meant that the product will comprise more than about 50% and preferably more than about 70% CLM.

[0060] Compositions comprising CLM and an aluminium-containing compound are obtained if no washing and filtering step is performed and/or if insoluble aluminium compounds are formed during aging by changing the aging conditions, e.g. increasing the pH and/or the temperature. The types of aluminium-containing compounds will depend on the aging conditions. Examples of such aluminium-containing compounds are aluminium oxides, hydroxides, or salts, for instance boehmite, e.g. pseudo- or microcrystalline boehmite, bayerite, amorphous oxide or hydroxide, metal aluminate, or aluminium molybdate.

[0061] An important aspect of the process resides in the presence of this aluminium-containing compound in the final product. The amount of aluminium-containing compound in these compositions can range from about 1 to 50 wt %, and is preferably between about 5 and 50 wt %. The aluminium-containing compound may serve as a binder, create porosity and a high surface area, and introduce acidic sites. The resulting compositions can, therefore, be advantageously used as absorbents or as catalyst additives or supports.

[0062] The aluminium-containing compound may be crystalline or amorphous, and have a high (>50 m²) or low (<50 m²) surface area, depending on the preparation conditions. For instance, aging at hydrothermal conditions with intermediate addition of base to increase the pH can result in compositions comprising CLM and microcrystalline boehmite; whereas aging at lower temperatures and pressures can result in compositions comprising CLM and quasi-crystalline boehmite, i.e. pseudo-boehmite.

[0063] In further embodiments the invention relates to compositions comprising CLM and a divalent metal compound (such as oxide or hydroxide), and to compositions comprising CLM and a transition metal compound.

[0064] Compositions comprising CLM and a divalent metal compound can be prepared using the above-described process by either starting with an excess of divalent metal source, or leaching out some of the divalent metal from the calcined product during aging. Examples of such compositions are compositions of CLM and ZnO, compositions of CLM and Zn(OH)₂, and compositions of CLM, ZnO, and (pseudo)boehmite.

[0065] Compositions comprising CLM and a transition metal compound can be formed using the above-described process and taking an excess of ammonium transition metal salt.

[0066] The invention also relates to compositions comprising CLM and a compound containing a divalent metal, aluminium, and/or a transition metal. Examples or such compounds are Zn—Mo complexes, zinc alumininate, zinc aluminium molybdate, Zn—Al anionic clay, etc.

[0067] The CLMs or CLM-containing compositions used in accordance with the present invention will generally be in the form of shaped bodies. This shaping can be conducted either after or during the preparation of the CLM or the CLM-containing composition. For instance, in the above-described process the slurry of water-insoluble aluminium source and divalent metal source of step a) can be shaped before performing calcination step b), the anionic clay formed in step c) can be shaped before calcination, or the material can be shaped during aging step e) by performing this step in a kneader which might be heated.

[0068] Suitable shaping methods include spray-drying, pelletising, extrusion (optionally combined with kneading), beading, or any other conventional shaping method used in the catalyst and absorbent fields or combinations thereof. The amount of liquid present in the slurry used for shaping should be adapted to the specific shaping step to be conducted. It might be advisable to (partially) remove the liquid used in the slurry and/or add an additional or another liquid, and/or change the pH of the precursor mixture to make the slurry gellable and thus suitable for shaping. Various additives commonly used in the various shaping methods, such as extrusion additives, may be added to the precursor mixture used for shaping. During this shaping step other components may be added to the slurry such as zeolites, clays, silicas, aluminas, phosphates, and other catalytically active materials known in the art.

[0069] For some applications it is desirable to have additives present in and/or on the CLMs or CLM-containing compositions. Suitable additives comprise oxides, hydroxides, borates, zirconates, aluminates, sulfides, carbonates, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, titanates, and halides of rare earth metals (for instance Ce, La), Si, P, B, Group VI, Group VIII noble metals (e.g. Pt, Pd), alkaline earth metals (for instance Mg, Ca and Ba), and transition metals (for example W, V, Mn, Fe, Ti, Zr, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, Sn).

[0070] Said additives can easily be deposited on the CLMs or CLM-containing compositions. Alternatively, they can be added during the above-described process in any of its steps. The additives can for instance be added to the starting compounds, but can also be added separately in any of the slurries used in that process. Alternatively, the additives can be added just before the first or the second calcination step. Preferably, the slurry comprising the additive is milled.

[0071] If desired, the CLMs or the CLM-containing compositions may be subjected to ion-exchange. Upon ion-exchange the interlayer charge-balancing cations, i.e. NH₄ ⁺, are replaced with other cations. Examples of suitable cations are Na⁺, K⁺, Al³⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, other transition metals, alkaline earth and rare earth metals, and pillaring cations such as [Al₁₃]⁷⁺ Keggin ions. In the above-described process said ion-exchange can be conducted before or after drying the CLM or CLM-containing composition.

[0072] The present invention is further directed to catalyst compositions comprising CLMs and CLM-containing compositions per se, i.e independent of their preparation method. Said catalyst compositions may comprise all components usually present in catalyst compositions, such as matrix and/or binder material, zeolites (e.g. faujasite, pentasil, and beta zeolites), additive components, and additional phases like metal oxides, sulfides, nitrides, phosphates, silica, alumina, (swellable) clay, anionic clays, preovskites, titania, titania-alumina, zirconia, spinels, and silica-alumina. For specific purposes, such as hydroprocessing, the CLM may be pretreated, e.g. sulfided.

[0073] In FCC catalyst compositions CLMs are especially suitable as active components for SOx and/or NOx removal, metal traps, and reduction of the N and/or S content in gasoline and diesel fuels.

[0074] CLM-containing catalyst compositions can be prepared by adding the other catalyst components to the CLMs or CLM-containing compositions before shaping them to form shaped bodies. Alternatively, the catalyst components can be mixed in a slurry with already formed (and subsequently milled) shaped bodies of CLMs or CLM-containing compositions. The resulting mixture can then be shaped again.

[0075] The CLMs and the CLM-containing compositions can also be combined with catalysts as additive compositions; as such or as shaped bodies. Therefore, the present invention is also directed to catalyst additive compositions comprising CLM. These additive compositions are especially suitable in FCC processes as active components for SO_(x) and/or NO_(x) removal, metal traps, and reduction of the N and/or S content in gasoline and diesel fuels, especially when metals such as Ce and/or V are present in or on the CLM.

[0076] The CLMs and CLM-containing compositions can be further calcined to form metal oxide compositions. Such a calcination can be performed at temperatures of about 200′-1,000° C., preferably about 400-600° C., and more preferably close to about 450° C.

[0077] The metal oxide composition can be sulfided, reduced by hydrogen, CO, or other reducing agents, or otherwise treated to create an active catalyst composition which can suitably be used as a catalyst or catalyst additive for FCC, HPC, dehydrogenation, and Fisher-Tropsch processes. Sulfiding, for instance, is performed by contacting the metal oxide with a sulfur bearing compound, e.g. H₂S. The sulfur bearing compound can be passed over the metal oxide composition as a gas, or it can be present in a slurry comprising the metal oxide composition.

[0078] Alternatively, the metal oxide composition can be rehydrated in aqueous solution and optionally in the presence of additives to form a CLM or CLM-containing composition, optionally containing an additive.

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0079] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 3:1) was slurried in 130 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered and washed. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

[0080] Elemental analysis using SEM-EDAX showed the Zn/Al molar ratio in the product to be 1.25. Hence, the product was a composition comprising CLM and an aluminium-containing compound.

Example 2

[0081] Zn-doped pseudoboehmite was prepared by treating flash calcined gibbsite (42.5 g) for 2 hours in an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate (10 wt. % Zn²⁺) at 120° C., pH 4 (pH adjustment with HNO₃). The solids content of the slurry was 20 wt %. This Zn-doped pseudoboehmite (172 g) was then mixed with basic zinc carbonate (sufficient for reaching a Zn/Al atomic ratio of 2), slurried in water (final solids content 22%), and milled. The slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The calcined product (10 g) was aged overnight, while stirring in 550 ml of a 0.092 M solution of ammonium heptamolybdate at 85° C. The resulting material was filtered, washed, and dried at 85° C. overnight. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

Example 3

[0082] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite, basic nickel carbonate, and zinc hydroxy carbonate was slurried in 285 ml of water. The atomic ratio (Zn+Ni):Al was 3:1, whereas the Ni:Zn ratio was 1:1. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The calcined material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered and washed. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

Example 4

[0083] A mixture of 21.3 g Chattem™ amorphous gel alumina and 11.8 g basic zinc carbonate (Zn:Al atomic ratio 3.0) was slurried in water (solids content 19 wt %) and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours in air in a muffle furnace. Of the resulting product, 62.9 g was rehydrated in 1657 ml 1M sodium carbonate at 70° C. for 3 days while stirring. The PXRD pattern confirmed the formation of a Zn—Al anionic clay with a small amount of ZnO.

[0084] The so-prepared Zn:Al anionic clay was calcined at 400° C. for 4 hours in air. The calcined product (10 g) was slurried in 550 ml of a 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate solution while stirring. The mixture was heated and then mixed with the calcined Zn:Al anionic clay. The resulting slurry was left under stirring overnight at 85° C. and was subsequently filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

Example 5

[0085] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite and basic copper carbonate (Cu:Al atomic ratio of 3:1) was slurried in 140 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 550° C. for 4 hours. The calcined material then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered and washed. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

[0086] Elemental analysis using SEM-EDAX showed the overall Cu/Al molar ratio in the bulk of the product to be 2. Hence, the product was a composition comprising CLM and an aluminium-containing compound.

Example 6

[0087] A mixture of 10.6 g flash calcined gibbsite (Alcoa CP® alumina) and 73.7 g basic zinc carbonate (Zn:Al ratio of 3:1) was slurried in water (solids content 18.3 wt %). The resulting slurry was dried at 100° C. and subsequently calcined at 300° C. for 4 hours in air in a muffle furnace. Of the resulting product, 55.4 g was rehydrated in 2770 ml 1M sodium carbonate at 70° C. for 3 days while stirring. The product was filtered, washed and dried at 100° C. The PXRD pattern confirmed the formation of a Zn:Al anionic clay with a small amount of ZnO.

[0088] The so-prepared Zn:Al anionic clay was calcined at 500° C. for 3 hours in air. To 15.0 g or the calcined product was added 150 ml of a 0.3 M ammonium heptamolybdate solution. The mixture was heated to 85° C. and aged overnight. The product was filtered and washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

Example 7

[0089] A mixture of 22.9 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate (Zn:Al ratio of 3:1) was slurried in 335 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. After calcination, the product was rehydrated in a 1M Na₂CO₃ solution at 65° C. for 8 hours. This anionic clay was calcined at 400° C. for 4 hours.

[0090] The calcined product (10 g) was then aged overnight at room temperature, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was directly dried at 100° C. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

Example 8

[0091] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 3:1) and 12 wt % cerium nitrate—calculated as CeO₂ and based on total dry product weight—was slurried in 250 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C.

[0092] The resulting product was a Ce-containing cationic layered material.

Example 9

[0093] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 3:1) and 4 wt % ammonium metavanadate—calculated as V₂O₅ and based on total dry product weight—(from; the % based on total dry weight of Al₂O₃ and ZnO) was slurried in 250 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C.

[0094] The resulting product was a V-containing cationic layered material.

Example 10

[0095] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsit, basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 3:1), 12 wt % cerium nitrate, and 4 wt % ammonium metavanadate—both calculated as oxides and based on total dry product weight—was slurried in 300 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C.

[0096] The resulting product was a Ce and V-containing cationic layered material.

Example 11

[0097] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 3:1) was slurried in 130 ml of water. The slurry was milled.

[0098] The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C. This product was slurried in a 150 ml solution containing 12 wt % cerium nitrate—calculated as CeO₂ and based on dry product weight. The resulting slurry was dried at 100° C.

[0099] The final product was a cerium-impregnated CLM.

Example 12

[0100] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 3:1) was slurried in 130 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C. This product was slurried in 150 ml of a solution containing 4 wt % ammonium metavanadate—calculated as V₂O₅ and based dry product weight. The resulting slurry was dried at 100° C.

[0101] The final product was a vanadium-impregnated CLM.

Example 13

[0102] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 3:1) was slurried in 130 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (10 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C. This product was slurried in a 150 ml solution containing 12 wt % cerium nitrate and 150 ml of a solution containing 4 wt % ammonium metavanadate—both calculated as oxides and based on dry product weight. The resulting slurry was dried at 100° C.

[0103] The final product was a cerium and vanadium-impregnated CLM.

Example 14

[0104] A mixture of 19.9 g gibbsite, basic nickel carbonate, and zinc hydroxy carbonate was slurried in 200 ml of water. The ratio (Zn+Ni):Al ratio of 3:1, whereas the Ni:Zn ratio was 3:7. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 550° C. for 4 hours. The calcined product (10.0 g) was heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (550 ml) of 0.042 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered and washed.

[0105] According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al. Elemental analysis using SEM-EDAX showed the presence of aluminium compounds in the product.

Example 15

[0106] A mixture of 15.3 g gibbsite, basic copper basic carbonate, and zinc hydroxy carbonate was slurried in 285 ml of water. The atomic ratio (Zn+Cu):Al was 3:1, whereas the Zn:Cu ratio was 1:1. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The calcined material (15 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (150 ml) of 0.3 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

Example 16

[0107] A mixture of 2.0 g gibbsite and basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.2ZnO.H₂O, (Zn/Al atomic ratio of 10:1) was slurried in 160 ml of water. The slurry was milled. The resulting slurry was dried and subsequently calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours. The material (15 g) was then heated to 85° C. and aged overnight, while stirring in an aqueous solution (150 ml) of 0.3 M ammonium heptamolybdate. The product was filtered, washed with de-ionised water, and dried overnight at 100° C. According to the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product contained a cationic layered material structurally identical to that reported by M. P. Astier et al.

Example 17

[0108] The products of Examples 1, 2, 7, and 14 were tested for their de-SOx ability in FCC processes using the thermographimetric test described in Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 27 (1988) pp.1356-1360. A standard commercial de-SOx additive (REF) was used as a reference.

[0109] 30 mg of the product sample was heated under nitrogen at 700° C. for 30 minutes. Next, the nitrogen was replaced by a gas containing 0.32% SO₂, 2.0% O₂, and balance N₂ with a flow rate of 200 ml/min. After 30 minutes the SO₂-containing gas was replaced by nitrogen and the temperature was reduced to 650° C. After 15 minutes, nitrogen was replaced by pure H₂ and this condition was maintained for 20 minutes. This cycle was repeated 3 times. The sample's SO_(x) uptake and its release during hydrogen treatment were measured as the sample's weight change (in %).

[0110] The SOx uptake and release during the third cycle are shown in Table I. This Table also displays the effectiveness ratio, which is defined as the ratio of SO_(x) release over SO_(x) uptake. The ideal effectiveness ratio is 1, which means that all the SO_(x) that was taken up has been released again, leading to a longer catalyst life. TABLE I SOx uptake SOx release Effectiveness Sample (% weight increase) (% weight decrease) ratio Example 1 3.06 2.37 0.77 Example 2 2.75 2.00 0.73 Example 7 2.09 1.04 0.50 Example 4.46 3.69 0.83 14 REF 4.89 1.51 0.31

[0111] This table shows that the effectiveness ratios of the samples according to the invention are higher than that of a standard commercial de-SO_(x) additive.

Example 18

[0112] The products of Examples 1, 2, 15, and 16 were tested for their ability to reduce the sulfur content of FCC gasoline.

[0113] The samples to be tested were calcined for 2 hours. The calcined samples were blended with a commercial FCC catalyst; the blend containing 20 wt % of the desired sample and 80 wt % of FCC catalyst.

[0114] The blends were tested in a fixed bed test unit (MST) using a regular FCC feed containing 2.9 wt % of sulfur and a cracking temperature of 550° C. The sulfur content of the gasoline was measured at three different catalyst to oil ratios: 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5.

[0115] Two reference samples were tested:

[0116] Sample ref A: 100% of a standard E-cat

[0117] Sample ref B: a blend containing 20 wt % of a commercial FCC additive for the reduction of S in gaoline.

[0118]FIG. 1 displays the S content of the gasoline versus the conversion for the tested samples at the three catalyst to oil ratios. It is clear that cationic layered materials are able to reduce the sulfur content of gasoline.

Example 19

[0119] The products of Examples 3, 5, 7, and 15 were tested for their de-NOx ability in FCC processes. These samples showed good de-NOx properties. 

1. A composition comprising a cationic layered material and about 1-50 weight percent of aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide, metal aluminate, or aluminium molybdate.
 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the aluminium oxide or hydroxide is doped with rare earth metals or transition metals.
 3. The composition of claim 1 containing one or more additives selected from the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, borates, zirconates, aluminates, sulfides, carbonates, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, titanates, and halides of rare earth metals Si, P, B, Group VI metals, Group VIII noble metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals.
 4. A composition comprising a cationic layered material and a divalent metal compound.
 5. The composition of claim 4 containing one or more additives selected from the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, borates, zirconates, aluminates, sulfides, carbonates, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, titanates, and halides of rare earth metals Si, P, B, Group VI metals, Group VIII noble metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals.
 6. A composition comprising a cationic layered material and a transition metal compound.
 7. The composition of claim 6 containing one or more additives selected from the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, borates, zirconates, aluminates, sulfides, carbonates, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, titanates, and halides of rare earth metals Si, P, B, Group VI metals, Group VIII noble metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals.
 8. An FCC catalyst composition comprising a cationic layered material.
 9. An FCC catalyst additive composition comprising a cationic layered material.
 10. A process for the preparation of a cationic layered material from an aluminium source and a divalent metal source, comprising the steps of: a) preparing a slurry comprising a water-insoluble aluminium source and a divalent metal source, b) drying the slurry of step a) and calcining the dried material to form a first calcined material, c) optionally rehydrating the product of step b) to obtain an anionic clay, followed by calcining the anionic clay to form a second calcined material, d) contacting a slurry of either the first or the second calcined material with an ammonium transition metal salt, and (e) aging the resulting slurry.
 11. The process of claim 10 wherein the slurry of step a) is aged before conducting step b).
 12. A process of claim 10 wherein the product of step e) is filtered and washed.
 13. The process of claim 10 wherein in step b) the dried slurry is shaped before calcination.
 14. The process of claim 10 wherein the anionic clay obtained in step c) is shaped before calcination.
 15. The process of claim 10 wherein the water-insoluble aluminium source is selected from the group consisting of alumina gel, boehmite, pseudoboehmite, aluminium trihydrate, thermally treated forms of aluminium trihydrate, and mixtures thereof.
 16. The process of claim 10 wherein the water-insoluble aluminium source is doped with at least one metal compound.
 17. The process of claim 10 wherein the divalent metal is an oxide, hydroxide, hydroxycarbonate, carbonate, formate, or acetate of Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺ or Cu²⁺, or a combination thereof.
 18. The process of claim 10 wherein the ammonium transition metal salt is an ammonium transition metal salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium heptamolybdate, ammonium tungstate, ammonium vanadate or ammonium dichromate, and combinations thereof.
 19. The process of claim 10 wherein the product of step e) is dried and the resulting dried product is calcined at about 200-1,000° C.
 20. The process of claim 19 wherein the calcined product is rehydrated in the presence of an additive.
 21. A shaped body obtained by the process of claim
 13. 22. A shaped body obtained by the process of claim
 14. 23. A process for the conversion, purification, or synthesis of hydrocarbons wherein hydrocarbons are contacted with a cationic layered material at hydrocarbon conversion, purification, or synthesis conditions.
 24. The process of claim 23 wherein the process is a hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, fluid catalytic cracking, or Fischer-Tropsch process.
 25. The process of claim 23 wherein the process effects reduction of SOx and/or NOx emissions.
 26. The process of claim 24 wherein the process is a fluid catalytic cracking process for the reduction of the nitrogen and/or sulfur content of fuels.
 27. The process of claim 26 wherein said fuels comprise gasoline and/or diesel. 